The whole plantS. Rae from Scotland, UKCC BY 2.0About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- perennialPlants of the World Online
- Flower
- GreenWikipedia
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Wikipedia — Wikipedia contributors.
This source reports 6 treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 10, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 9, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 3
Alternating temperatures
Temperature: 40–70°F 4–21°C
about 6 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 28 days.
36% germination in 28 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 3
Alternating temperatures
Temperature: 40–70°F 4–21°C
about 6 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 21 days.
15% germination in 21 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 10, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 9, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 3
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 6 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 28 days.
15% germination in 28 days.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around July 4, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on July 3, 2026.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
- 3
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 4
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 9 months from start to step 4. Germination happens during step 4, in 6 days.
10% germination in 6 days.
Protocol 5
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around December 15, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 3
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 3 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3; time not stated, 21 days assumed.
10% germination.
Protocol 6
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Very high Rated by us, not by the source.
- 1
Sow outdoors and leave it
Nothing germinated outdoors.
No stated waiting before sowing.
0% germination.
This source doesn't state how long step 1 lasts.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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