About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- biennial or perennialPlants of the World Online
- Habit
- Biennial, Perennial, Forb/herbPLANTS Database
- Flower
- WhiteFlora of North America
- Native range
- Native to the lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Flora of North America — Flora of North America Editorial Committee.
This source reports three treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around January 11, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Temperature: 40°F 4°C
Germination happens during step 1, in 84 days.
70% germination in 21–84 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
20% germination.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Very high Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
5% germination.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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