About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- perennialPlants of the World Online
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herb, SubshrubPLANTS Database
- Flower
- White, pinkWikipedia
- Native range
- Canada, lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Wikipedia — Wikipedia contributors.
Two sources report 4 treatments between them. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around November 17, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 49 days.
50% germination in 21–49 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around October 21, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on October 20, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 77 days.
50% germination in 21–77 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around December 15, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 21 days.
40% germination in 21 days.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around October 14, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on October 13, 2026.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
3/18 germinated in this phase.
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 84 days.
28% germination in 7–84 days.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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