About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- annual or subshrubPlants of the World Online
- Flower
- WhiteWikipedia
- Native range
- Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, SwedenGBIF Backbone Taxonomy
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Wikipedia — Wikipedia contributors; GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
This source reports 6 treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around October 2, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on October 1, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
- 3
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 6 days to germinate.
100% germination in 4–6 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 35 days to germinate.
87% germination in 7–35 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 16, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on March 15, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 365 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
- 3
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 12 months from start to sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
45% germination.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 10, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 9, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 28 days to germinate.
30% germination in 7–28 days.
Protocol 5
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Very high Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 6 months from start to sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
1% germination.
Protocol 6
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing.
0% germination.
Nothing germinated at 70.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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