The whole plantSuperior National ForestCC BY 2.0About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- perennialPlants of the World Online
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herbPLANTS Database
- Flower
- Green, greenish whiteFlora of North America
- Native range
- Canada, lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Flora of North America — Flora of North America Editorial Committee.
Two sources report 4 treatments between them. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
No stated waiting before sowing.
0% germination.
Nothing germinated at 70.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 16, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: either
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 20 days to germinate.
92% germination in 8–20 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
- 1
Sow outdoors and leave it
No stated waiting before sowing.
34% germination.
This source doesn't state how long step 1 lasts.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around January 11, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C · Light: either
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: either
10 germinated in this phase.
Steps after step 1 run on after germination.
Germination happens during step 1, in 84 days.
32% germination in 56–84 days.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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