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Malus baccata

Chinese Crab Apple · Siberian Crab · Siberian Crab Apple

Family RosaceaeGenus Malus

Clusters of small yellow apples on twigs among broad toothed leaves
FruitSten at Danish WikipediaCC BY-SA 3.0

About the plant

What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.

Habit
treePlants of the World Online
Habit
Perennial, Shrub, TreePLANTS Database
Flower
WhiteFlora of North America
Native range
Altay, Amur, Assam, Buryatiya, China North-Central, Chita and elsewhereGBIF Backbone Taxonomy

Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.

Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Flora of North America — Flora of North America Editorial Committee; GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Global Biodiversity Information Facility.

Worth knowing

  • The Siberian crab apple, grown as an ornamental, as a rootstock and for bonsai. Its fruit, about 1 cm across, is edible. Wikipedia: Malus baccata

This source reports 18 treatments. All are shown.

Protocol 1

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 1, in 63 days.

100% germination in 35–63 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 2

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 2, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 3 days.

100% germination in 3 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 3

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 25, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 2, in 70 days.

100% germination in 14–70 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 4

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 2, in 63 days.

100% germination in 35–63 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 5

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 2, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

about 3 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 3 days.

100% germination in 3 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 6

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 8, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 1, in 56 days.

86% germination in 14–56 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 7

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 8, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 1, in 56 days.

86% germination in 21–56 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 8

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 8, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 2, in 56 days.

86% germination in 21–56 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 9

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around February 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 2, in 63 days.

86% germination in 14–63 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 10

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    3 germinated in this phase.

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

about 6 months from start to step 4. Germination happens during step 4; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

85% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 11

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around March 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Temperature: 40°F 4°C

Germination happens during step 2, in 35 days.

75% germination in 14–35 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 12

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    9 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 2 run on after germination.

Germination happens during step 2; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

70% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 13

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    15 germinated in this phase.

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

    3 germinated in this phase.

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

about 6 months from start to step 4. Germination happens during step 4; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

70% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 14

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 11, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    20 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 2 run on after germination.

Germination happens during step 2, in 84 days.

65% germination in 70–84 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 15

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 18, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    30 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 2 run on after germination.

Germination happens during step 2, in 77 days.

50% germination in 14–77 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 16

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    2 germinated in this phase.

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

about 6 months from start to step 4. Germination happens during step 4; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

44% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 17

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around December 15, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    15 germinated in this phase.

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

    25 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 3 run on after germination.

about 3 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

25% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 18

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.

  1. Clean the flesh off the seed

  2. Sow and cover

    Temperature: 70°F 21°C

No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.

11% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. — N. C. Deno, 1993 · Ch. 20, Malus p. 176Public domain
Show the original text
Malus (Rosaceae). One species, one commercial apple, and tour hybrid crabapples were studied. Most of the germination occurred in the first cycle if sown at 40 and in a 70-4090 pattern if sown at 70. The fruits were collected in winter and the seeds WC for a week. The data is presented in a Table. Storing the seed for 6 m in the dried fruit gave the same results as seed stored WC. Seeds of Malus "Red Splendor germ. slower and in lower percentage when treated with GA-3. Fresh Seed Seed OS 6 m at 70 or 40 M. baccata 70(2%)-40-70(44%) 70-4040(60-90% in 1-4 d) 40(88% in 2-11 w) 40(50% in 2-11 w)-70(30%) M. "Bob White 40(86% in 2-8 w) . 40(86% in 3-8 w) M. "Donald Wyman" 40(86% in 2-9 w) 40(70%)-70(9%) M. "Red Splendor" 70(15%)-40(3%)-70(70%) 70(3%)-40-70(85%) 40(100% in 2-10w) 40(75% in 2-5 w) M. "Yellow Delicious" 40(100% in 5-9 w) .. M. (yellow,fruit) 70(11%) 70(15%)-40(25%)-70(25%) 40(12%)-70(75% in 2nd w) 40(65% in 10-12 w)-70(20%) The commercial hybrid Joneliscious germ. 40-70(100% on 3rd d) and 70D(alI rotted by the 11th w). Treatmentwith GA-3 led to extensive rotting at 40 or 70.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Ch. 20, Malus p. 176. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.

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