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Fraxinus anomala

Utah Ash · Dwarf Ash · Single-leaf Ash · Singleleaf Ash

Family OleaceaeGenus Fraxinus

A shoot of simple oval leaves with a cluster of small green flowers at its base
LeafStan ShebsCC BY-SA 3.0

About the plant

What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.

The plant

Habit
shrub or treePlants of the World Online
Habit
Perennial, Shrub, TreePLANTS Database
Height
20.0 ft6.1 mPLANTS Database
Flower
YellowPLANTS Database
Blooms
Mid SpringPLANTS Database
Native range
Native to the lower 48 statesPLANTS Database

Growing conditions

Sun
Shade tolerance: HighPLANTS Database
Soil
Adapted to coarse, medium textured soilsPLANTS Database
Soil pH
6.5-9.0PLANTS Database
Moisture
Moisture use: MediumPLANTS Database
Watering
Drought tolerance: MediumPLANTS Database

Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.

Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS.

Worth knowing

  • Single-leaf ash is unusual among ashes: some of its trees have simple leaves instead of the pinnate leaves typical of the genus. Wikipedia: Fraxinus anomala

Two sources report 6 treatments between them. All are shown.

Protocol 1

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around October 21, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on October 20, 2025.

  1. Dry storage

    Duration: 365 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

    1/5 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 3 run on after germination.

about 15 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 77 days.

80% germination in 77 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1998 · 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). Data on the three following species is now nearly complete. F. anomala germ. 70D-40(36% in 8-12 w)-70D(57% in 3-12 d) and 40- 70D(20% on 3rd d)-40(50% in 6-11 w)-70D{10%). Seeds DS 1 y germ. 40(1/7)- 70D(1/7)-40(4/7) and 70D-40(4/5 in 11th w)-70D(1/5 on 3rd d) which is similar to the fresh seeds. Seeds DS 2 y germ. 40(4/9 in 10-12 w)-70D(2/9 in 2nd w).
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement, 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 2

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2025.

  1. Dry storage

    Duration: 365 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

    1/7 germinated in this phase.

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

    1/7 germinated in this phase.

  4. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

about 1.5 years from start to step 4. Germination happens during step 4; time not stated, 21 days assumed.

57% germination.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1998 · 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). Data on the three following species is now nearly complete. F. anomala germ. 70D-40(36% in 8-12 w)-70D(57% in 3-12 d) and 40- 70D(20% on 3rd d)-40(50% in 6-11 w)-70D{10%). Seeds DS 1 y germ. 40(1/7)- 70D(1/7)-40(4/7) and 70D-40(4/5 in 11th w)-70D(1/5 on 3rd d) which is similar to the fresh seeds. Seeds DS 2 y germ. 40(4/9 in 10-12 w)-70D(2/9 in 2nd w).
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement, 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 3

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around September 26, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 25, 2026.

  1. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

    36 germinated in this phase.

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

about 6 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 12 days.

57% germination in 3–12 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1998 · 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). Data on the three following species is now nearly complete. F. anomala germ. 70D-40(36% in 8-12 w)-70D(57% in 3-12 d) and 40- 70D(20% on 3rd d)-40(50% in 6-11 w)-70D{10%). Seeds DS 1 y germ. 40(1/7)- 70D(1/7)-40(4/7) and 70D-40(4/5 in 11th w)-70D(1/5 on 3rd d) which is similar to the fresh seeds. Seeds DS 2 y germ. 40(4/9 in 10-12 w)-70D(2/9 in 2nd w).
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement, 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 4

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998

Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around July 23, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on July 22, 2026.

  1. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  2. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

    20 germinated in this phase.

  3. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  4. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

Steps after step 3 run on after germination.

about 6 months from start to step 3. Germination happens during step 3, in 77 days.

50% germination in 42–77 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1998 · 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). Data on the three following species is now nearly complete. F. anomala germ. 70D-40(36% in 8-12 w)-70D(57% in 3-12 d) and 40- 70D(20% on 3rd d)-40(50% in 6-11 w)-70D{10%). Seeds DS 1 y germ. 40(1/7)- 70D(1/7)-40(4/7) and 70D-40(4/5 in 11th w)-70D(1/5 on 3rd d) which is similar to the fresh seeds. Seeds DS 2 y germ. 40(4/9 in 10-12 w)-70D(2/9 in 2nd w).
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement, 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 5

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998

Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.

Start around January 12, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on January 11, 2025.

  1. Dry storage

    Duration: 730 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C

  2. Cold moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 40°F 4°C

  3. Warm moist stratification

    Duration: 90 daysTemperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

    2/9 germinated in this phase.

Steps after step 2 run on after germination.

about 2 years from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 84 days.

44% germination in 70–84 days.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1998 · 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). Data on the three following species is now nearly complete. F. anomala germ. 70D-40(36% in 8-12 w)-70D(57% in 3-12 d) and 40- 70D(20% on 3rd d)-40(50% in 6-11 w)-70D{10%). Seeds DS 1 y germ. 40(1/7)- 70D(1/7)-40(4/7) and 70D-40(4/5 in 11th w)-70D(1/5 on 3rd d) which is similar to the fresh seeds. Seeds DS 2 y germ. 40(4/9 in 10-12 w)-70D(2/9 in 2nd w).
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Supplement, 2nd Supplement, Fraxinus p. 34. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record, except the difficulty rating, which is ours; the step names come from a fixed list.

Protocol 6

DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996

  1. Sow and cover

    Temperature: 70°F 21°C Light: dark

No stated waiting before sowing.

0% germination.

Nothing germinated at 70.

Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 1st Supplement — N. C. Deno, 1996 · 1st Supplement, Fraxinus p. 44Public domain
Show the original text
Fraxinus (Oleaceae). F. anomala germ. 40-70D(2/10 on 2nd d) and none in 70D-40. Fraxinus quadrangulata seeds DS 18 m germ. 70-40-70-40-70-40(7/34 in 4-12 w)-70(7/34 in 2-23 d). It is anticipated that more will germinate on further treatment since the seeds show no sign of rotting. There was no change in this pattern if the seeds were started in a 70L cycle. Both OT and GA-3 failed to initiate germination.
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 1st Supplement, 1st Supplement, Fraxinus p. 44. Quoted exactly. Every value on this card comes from this record; the step names come from a fixed list.

How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.

Germination trials

Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials

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