About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- perennialPlants of the World Online
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herbPLANTS Database
- Flower
- White, soft purpleWikipedia
- Native range
- Canada, lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Wikipedia — Wikipedia contributors.
This source reports 5 treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 35 days to germinate.
100% germination in 35 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 21 days to germinate.
100% germination in 21 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around October 21, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on October 20, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 77 days.
100% germination in 77 days.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around December 28, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 8 days.
50% germination in 3–8 days.
Protocol 5
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around February 23, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on February 22, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 365 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 12 months from start to sowing. Then 42 days to germinate.
10% germination in 42 days.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
No trials shared for this species yet.