About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- subshrubPlants of the World Online
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herb, Shrub, SubshrubPLANTS Database
- Flower
- WhiteFlora of North America
- Native range
- Colorado, UtahGBIF Backbone Taxonomy
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: Plants of the World Online — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; Flora of North America — Flora of North America Editorial Committee; GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
Two sources report 5 treatments between them. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 16, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on March 15, 2026.
- 1
Dry storage
Duration: 365 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 12 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 21 days.
50% germination in 21 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around January 2, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
2/9 germinated in this phase.
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 3 days.
44% germination in 3 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
14% germination.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around January 3, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
2/9 germinated in this phase.
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 3 months from start to step 2. Germination happens during step 2, in 2 days.
44% germination in 2 days.
Protocol 5
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 22, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 14 days to germinate.
14% germination in 14 days.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
Germination trials
Readers’ own records of sowing this species, published after review. Share your trial · All trials
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